Passive Voice

The passive voice is so named because the subject of the active sentence moves to a passive position. The English passive voice consists of a form of the verb to be and a past participle: is broken, was allowed, has been destroyed, and so on. Let’s look at a pair of sentences to contrast the active and passive voices.

active	The mayor attacked an alderman’s reputation.
passive	An alderman’s reputation was attacked by the mayor.

It is possible to omit the active subject from a passive sentence, thus relieving anyone of the responsibility of the action of the verb. For example:

active	The mayor attacked an alderman’s reputation.
passive	An alderman’s reputation was attacked.

  The German passive voice functions in a similar manner. The basic components of the structure are the conjugation of the verb werden plus a past participle of a transitive verb. Intransitive verbs do not form a passive structure. The subject of the German active sentence becomes the object of the preposition von (by) in the passive sentence. Let’s compare an active sentence that is changed into a passive sentence.

active	Die Schneiderin näht einen Anzug.	The seamstress is sewing a suit.
passive	Ein Anzug wird von der Schneiderin genäht.	A suit is being sewn by the seamstress.

Note carefully that the direct object einen Anzug in the active sentence changes to the nominative case (Ein Anzug) in the passive sentence, because it is the subject of that sentence.

Where in English the preposition by occurs in the passive sentence (It was sewn by a seamstress.), in German the dative preposition von is used to indicate the person or force of nature that carried out the action of the verb.

Das Dorf wurde von den Soldaten zerstört.	The village was destroyed by the soldiers.
Das Dorf wurde vom Erdbeben zerstört.	The village was destroyed by the earthquake.

But use durch in place of von to indicate by what means the action of the verb was carried out.

Sie ist durch einen Schuss getötet worden.	She was killed by a shot.
Sie ist durch einen Unfall getötet worden.	She was killed in an accident.

When an active sentence is made passive, the tense remains the same. The conjugation of werden in the various tenses determines the passive tenses. The main verb becomes a past participle, which remains constant throughout the tenses. For example:

present	Sie wird von ihm geküsst.	She is being kissed by him.
past	Sie wurde von ihm geküsst.	She was kissed by him.
present perfect	Sie ist von ihm geküsst worden.	She has been kissed by him.
past perfect	Sie war von ihm geküsst worden.	She had been kissed by him.
future	Sie wird von ihm geküsst werden.	She will be kissed by him.
future perfect	Sie wird von ihm geküsst worden sein.	She will have been kissed by him.

Be careful! The past participle of werden in the passive voice is worden. Use geworden only when werden means to become or get.

Compare the following pairs of active and passive sentences and the tenses used in them.

Er kaufte den VW. (past tense)	He bought the VW.
Der VW wurde von ihm gekauft. (past tense)	The VW was bought by him.
Karl hat das Gedicht gelernt. (present perfect)	Karl has learned the poem.
Das Gedicht ist von Karl gelernt worden.	The poem has been learned by
(present perfect)	Karl.

The passive voice occurs with transitive verbs—that is, verbs that have a direct object, which is in the accusative case. But dative verbs that require a dative object can also be made passive. Compare the following pairs of sentences.

active	Sie glaubten dem Mann nicht.	They didn’t believe the man.
passive	Dem Mann wurde nicht geglaubt.	The man wasn’t believed.
active	Man hilft ihr nicht.	No one helps her.
passive	Ihr wird nicht geholfen	She isn’t being helped.

Notice that the dative objects of the active sentences (dem Mann and ihr) remain in the dative case in the passive sentences. The new subject in the passive sentences is the elliptical word es, the reason for the third-person singular conjugation of werden.

Modal auxiliaries

The modal auxiliaries are frequently combined with an infinitive that is located at the end of a sentence. For example:

Sie kann dich gar nicht verstehen.	She can’t understand you at all.
Warum musstet ihr warten?	Why did you have to wait?

In the same way, modal auxiliaries can combine with a passive infinitive. Passive infinitives consist of a past participle followed by werden: geschlagen werden, gesagt werden, gefunden werden (to be hit, to be said, to be found). When modals are followed by passive infinitives, it is only the modal auxiliary that is conjugated. For example:

Warum soll der Hund geschlagen werden?	Why should the dog be beaten?
Es durfte nicht gesagt werden.	It wasn’t permitted to be said.
Die Kinder müssen sofort gefunden werden.	The children must be found immediately