German Adjective Endings: The Nominative Case

The following chart shows the adjective endings for the nominative case with the definite articles (der, die, das) and the indefinite articles (ein, eine, keine).

Nominative Case (Subject Case)
Masculine der	Feminine die	Neuter das	Plural die
der neue Wagen the new car	die schöne Stadt the beautiful city	das alte Auto the old car	die neuen Bücher the new books
Masculine ein	Feminine eine	Neuter ein	Plural keine
ein neuer Wagen a new car	eine schöne Stadt a beautiful city	ein altes Auto an old car	keine neuen Bücher no new books

To further clarify what is happening here, take a look at the two German sentences below. What do you notice about the word grau?

1.  Das Haus ist grau. (The house is gray.)

2.  Das graue Haus ist rechts. (The gray house is on the right.)

If you answered that grau in the first sentence has no ending and grau in the second sentence does have an ending, you're right! In grammatical terms, adding endings to words is called "inflection" or "declination." When we put endings on words, we are "inflecting" or "declining" them.

Like many things Germanic, this used to happen in Old English. The grammar of modern German is similar to Old English (including gender for nouns!). But in modern English, there is no inflection of adjectives. You can confirm this if you look at the English versions of the previous two sentences about the gray house. In sentence 2, the German word grau has an -e ending and the English word "gray" has no ending. 

The next logical question is: Why does grau have an ending in one sentence but not the other? Look at the two sentences again, and you can probably see a significant difference. If the adjective (grau) comes before the noun (Haus), it needs an ending. If it comes after the noun and verb (ist), it should have no ending.

The minimum ending for an adjective before a noun is an "e" — but there are some other possibilities. Below we'll look at some of these possibilities and the rules for using them. 


UNDERSTANDING CASES

But first, we need to talk about another grammar term: case. Remember when your English teacher tried to explain the difference between the nominative and objective cases? Well, if you understand the concept in English, it will help you with German. It's basically pretty simple: nominative = subject, and objective = direct or indirect object. For now, we're going to stick to the simple one, the nominative case.

In the sentence "Das Haus ist grau." the subject is das Haus and das Haus is nominative. It's the same for "Das graue Haus ist rechts." In both sentences, "das Haus" is the nominative subject. The rule for this is simple: in the nominative case with the definite article (the/der, die, das) the adjective ending is -e when the adjective comes before the noun. So we would get "Der blaueWagen..." (The blue car...), "Die kleine Stadt.." (The small town...), or "Das schöne Mädchen..." (The pretty girl...).

But if we say "Das Mädchen ist schön." (The girl is pretty.) or "Der Wagen ist blau." (The car is blue.), there is no ending at all on the adjective (schön or blau) because the adjective is located after the noun (predicate adjective).

The rule for adjectives with the definite article (der, die, das) or the so-called der-words (dieser, jeder, etc.) is simple, because the ending is always -e in the nominative case (except for the plural which is always -en in all situations!).

However, when the adjective is used with an ein-word (ein, dein, keine, etc.), the adjective must reflect the gender of the noun that follows. The adjective endings -er, -e, and -escorrespond to the articles der, die, and das respectively (masc., fem., and neuter). Once you notice the parallel and the agreement of the letters r, e, s with der, die, das, it becomes less complicated than it may seem at first.

If it still seems complicated to you, you may get some help from Udo Klinger's Deklination von Adjektiven (in German only).

Amazingly (for an English-speaker), German children learn all this naturally in the process of learning to talk.

Nobody has to explain it! So, if you want to speak German at least as well as a five-year-old child in Austria, Germany, or Switzerland, you need to be able to use these rules also. Notice I said "use," not "explain." The five-year-old can't explain the grammar rules involved here, but she can use them.

This is also a good example for impressing upon English-speakers the importance of learning the gender of nouns in German. If you don't know that Haus is neuter (das), then you won't be able to say (or write) "Er hat ein neues Haus." ("He has a new house.").

If you need help in that area, see our feature Gender Hints which discusses a few tricks to help you know whether a German noun is der, die, or das!

THE ACCUSATIVE AND DATIVE CASES

The following chart shows the adjective endings for the accusative and dative cases with the definite articles (der, dem, der) and the indefinite articles (einen, einem, einer, keinen). Thenominative case endings were previously outlined on page one. The adjective endings for the genitive case follow the same pattern as the dative. 

Accusative Case (Direct Object)
Masculine den	Feminine die	Neuter das	Plural die
den neuen Wagen the new car	die schöne Stadt the beautiful city	das alte Auto the old car	die neuen Bücher the new books
Masculine einen	Feminine eine	Neuter ein	Plural keine
einen neuen Wagen a new car	eine schöne Stadt a beautiful city	ein altes Auto an old car	keine neuen Bücher no new books

Dative Case (Indirect Object)
Masculine dem	Feminine der	Neuter dem	Plural den
dem netten Mann (to) the nice man	der schönen Frau (to) the beautiful woman	dem netten Mädchen (to) the nice girl	den anderen Leuten* (to) the other people
Masculine einem	Feminine einer	Neuter einem	Plural keinen
einem netten Mann (to) a nice man	einer schönen Frau (to) a beautiful woman	einem netten Mädchen (to) a nice girl	keinen anderen Leuten* (to) no other people
*Plural nouns in the dative add an -n or -en ending if the plural form does not already end in -(e)n. NOTE: The adjective endings in the Genitive Case are the same as in the DATIVE - all -en! Also see: Adjective Endings I (Nominative)

As we saw earlier on page one (Nominative), an adjective that precedes a noun must have an ending--at least an -e. Also, notice that the endings shown here in the ACCUSATIVE (direct object) case are identical to those in the NOMINATIVE (subject) case — with the sole exception of the masculine gender (der/den). The masculine gender is the only one that looks any different when the case changes from nominative (der) to accusative (den).

In the sentence "Der blaue Wagen ist neu," the subject is der Wagen and der Wagen is nominative. But if we say "Ich kaufe den blauen Wagen." ("I'm buying the blue car."), then "der Wagen" changes to "den Wagen" as the accusative object. The adjective ending rule here is: in the accusative case with the definite article (the/den, die, das) the adjective ending is always -en for the masculine (den) form. But it remains -e for die or das. So we would get "...den blau en Wagen..." (...the blue car...), but "...die blaue Tür.." (the blue door), or "...das blaue Buch..." (the blue book).

When the adjective is used with an ein-word (einen, dein, keine, etc.), the accusative adjective ending must reflect the gender and case of the noun that follows. The adjective endings -en, -e, and -es correspond to the articles den, die, and das respectively (masc., fem., and neuter). Once you notice the parallel and the agreement of the letters n, e, s with den, die, das, it makes the process a little clearer.

Many German learners find the DATIVE (indirect object) case to be intimidating, but when it comes to adjective endings in the dative, it couldn't be more simple. The ending is ALWAYS - en! That's it! And this simple rule applies to adjectives used with either the definite or indefinite articles (and ein-words).

This is another illustration of why it is important to learn the gender of nouns in German. If you don't know that  Wagen is masculine (der), then you won't be able to say (or write) "Er hat einen neuen Wagen." ("He has a new car.")