Modal verbs
Modal verbs – expressing ability, necessity etc.
Modal verbs modify an action or situation by expressing the idea of ability, obligation, permission etc.:
Sie kann sehr gut schwimmen. She can swim very well.
Wir müssen jetzt gehen. We have to go now.
Hier dürfen Sie rauchen. You are allowed to smoke here.
dürfen may/to be allowed to
können can/to be able to
mögen to like (to) (also used in the form möchten)
müssen must/to have to
sollen to be supposed to/should/ought to
wollen to want to
Hier dürfen Sie parken. You can/are allowed to park here.
können – ability
können corresponds to the English ‘can’ or ‘to be able to’ and usually expresses ability:
Du kannst morgen kommen. You can come tomorrow.
Er konnte sehr gut surfen. He could surf very well.
It can sometimes add a tone of possibility as in the English ‘may’:
Das kann schon wahr sein. This may be true
mögen – inclination, liking
Modal verbs modify an action or situation by expressing the idea of ability, obligation, permission etc.:
Sie kann sehr gut schwimmen. She can swim very well.
Wir müssen jetzt gehen. We have to go now.
Hier dürfen Sie rauchen. You are allowed to smoke here.
Modal verbs in German
In German there are six modal verbs:dürfen may/to be allowed to
können can/to be able to
mögen to like (to) (also used in the form möchten)
müssen must/to have to
sollen to be supposed to/should/ought to
wollen to want to
Meaning and most common usage
dürfen – permission, prohibition (‘must not’)
dürfen usually conveys the idea of permission and can be translated with ‘may’/‘can’ or ‘to be allowed to’:
Darf ich hier fotografieren? Am I allowed to take photos here?Hier dürfen Sie parken. You can/are allowed to park here.
können – ability
können corresponds to the English ‘can’ or ‘to be able to’ and usually expresses ability:
Du kannst morgen kommen. You can come tomorrow.
Er konnte sehr gut surfen. He could surf very well.
It can sometimes add a tone of possibility as in the English ‘may’:
Das kann schon wahr sein. This may be true
mögen – inclination, liking
mögen implies that people like something generally:
Sie mag italienischen Wein. She likes Italian wine.
Wir mögen klassische Musik. We like classical music
Note that mögen can only be used in structures with nouns or noun phrases. In connection with verb structures, gern has to be used: Sie trinkt gern italienischen Wein.
Wir hören gern klassische Musik.
mögen is frequently used in its subjunctive form, möchten ‘would like’:
Ich möchte einen Cappuccino. I would like a cappuccino.
Was möchtest du machen? What would you like to do?
müssen – necessity, obligation
müssen usually expresses a sense of necessity or obligation and corres- ponds to the English ‘must’ or ‘to have to’:
Wir müssen jetzt gehen. We must/have to go now.
In the negative, müssen does not convey the meaning of prohibition as it does in English, but means ‘don’t have to’ or ‘don’t need to’:
Ihr müsst jetzt noch nicht gehen. You don’t have to/don’t need to go now.
Note that in these contexts brauchen is often used as an alternative:
Ihr braucht jetzt noch nicht zu gehen. You don’t need to/have to go now.
sollen – obligations, commands
sollen is mainly used to convey a sense of obligation and corresponds to the English ‘be supposed to’, ‘should’:
Peter soll fettarmer essen. Peter is supposed to eat less fat.
It is also used with suggestions or commands:
Sollen wir mit dem Auto fahren? Should we go by car?
sollen can also convey a sense of uncertainty when making a prediction or when reporting what you have heard from another source:
Morgen soll es regnen. Rain is forecast for tomorrow.
wollen – intention, desire
wollen usually expresses an intention or desire and corresponds to the English ‘to want to’:
Ich will mit dem Rauchen aufhören. I want to stop smoking
Formation in different tenses
Modal verbs are quite irregular in German. Here is a summary of their forms in different tenses.
Present tense
Present perfect tense
The past participle of the six modals are: gedurft, gekonnt, gemocht, gemusst, gesollt, gewollt.
However, these forms are rarely used and are usually replaced with the simple past forms of the modals
present perfect Sie hat den Film nicht gemocht.®
simple past Sie mochte den Film nicht. She didn’t like the film.
Simple past tense
Modal verbs form their simple past tense by dropping the umlaut and by using -te endings:
Sie durfte nicht ins Kino gehen. He was not allowed to go to the cinema
Er konnte sehr gut tanzen. He could dance very well.
Past perfect tense
Future tense
The future tense of modal verbs is constructed with the finite form of werden + the infinitive of the main verb + the infinitive of the modal:
Sie mag italienischen Wein. She likes Italian wine.
Wir mögen klassische Musik. We like classical music
Note that mögen can only be used in structures with nouns or noun phrases. In connection with verb structures, gern has to be used: Sie trinkt gern italienischen Wein.
Wir hören gern klassische Musik.
mögen is frequently used in its subjunctive form, möchten ‘would like’:
Ich möchte einen Cappuccino. I would like a cappuccino.
Was möchtest du machen? What would you like to do?
müssen – necessity, obligation
müssen usually expresses a sense of necessity or obligation and corres- ponds to the English ‘must’ or ‘to have to’:
Wir müssen jetzt gehen. We must/have to go now.
In the negative, müssen does not convey the meaning of prohibition as it does in English, but means ‘don’t have to’ or ‘don’t need to’:
Ihr müsst jetzt noch nicht gehen. You don’t have to/don’t need to go now.
Note that in these contexts brauchen is often used as an alternative:
Ihr braucht jetzt noch nicht zu gehen. You don’t need to/have to go now.
sollen – obligations, commands
sollen is mainly used to convey a sense of obligation and corresponds to the English ‘be supposed to’, ‘should’:
Peter soll fettarmer essen. Peter is supposed to eat less fat.
It is also used with suggestions or commands:
Sollen wir mit dem Auto fahren? Should we go by car?
sollen can also convey a sense of uncertainty when making a prediction or when reporting what you have heard from another source:
Morgen soll es regnen. Rain is forecast for tomorrow.
wollen – intention, desire
wollen usually expresses an intention or desire and corresponds to the English ‘to want to’:
Ich will mit dem Rauchen aufhören. I want to stop smoking
Formation in different tenses
Modal verbs are quite irregular in German. Here is a summary of their forms in different tenses.
Present tense
dürfen
|
können
|
mögen
|
müssen
|
sollen
|
wollen
|
|
ich
|
darf
|
kann
|
mag
|
muss
|
soll
|
will
|
du
|
darfst
|
kannst
|
magst
|
musst
|
sollst
|
willst
|
Sie
|
dürfen
|
können
|
mögen
|
müssen
|
sollen
|
wollen
|
er/sie/es
|
darf
|
kann
|
mag
|
muss
|
soll
|
will
|
wir
|
dürfen
|
können
|
mögen
|
müssen
|
sollen
|
wollen
|
ihr
|
dürft
|
könnt
|
mögt
|
müsst
|
sollt
|
wollt
|
Sie
|
dürfen
|
können
|
mögen
|
müssen
|
sollen
|
wollen
|
sie
|
dürfen
|
können
|
mögen
|
müssen
|
sollen
|
wollen
|
Present perfect tense
The past participle of the six modals are: gedurft, gekonnt, gemocht, gemusst, gesollt, gewollt.
However, these forms are rarely used and are usually replaced with the simple past forms of the modals
present perfect Sie hat den Film nicht gemocht.®
simple past Sie mochte den Film nicht. She didn’t like the film.
When the modal appears together with another verb, the present perfect tense is constructed with haben + infinitive of the second verb + infinitive of the modal:
Hugo hat noch bis spät arbeiten müssen. Hugo (has) had to work late. Note that as the infinitive of the modal verb is used instead of the past participle form, the sentence finishes in two infinitives (double infinitive construction). This present perfect structure is often avoided by using the simple past tense:
Hugo musste noch bis spät arbeiten. Hugo (has) had to work late.
Eva wollte noch einen Kaffee trinken. Eva wanted to drink another coffee.
Simple past tense
Modal verbs form their simple past tense by dropping the umlaut and by using -te endings:
dürfen
|
können
|
mögen
|
müssen
|
sollen
|
wollen
|
|
ich
|
durfte
|
konnte
|
mochte
|
musste
|
sollte
|
wollte
|
du
|
durftest
|
konntest
|
mochtest
|
musstest
|
solltest
|
wolltest
|
Sie
|
durften
|
konnten
|
mochten
|
mussten
|
sollten
|
wollten
|
er/sie/es
|
durfte
|
konnte
|
mochte
|
musste
|
sollte
|
wollte
|
wir
|
durften
|
konnten
|
mochten
|
mussten
|
sollten
|
wollten
|
ihr
|
durftet
|
konntet
|
mochtet
|
musstet
|
solltet
|
wolltet
|
Sie
|
durften
|
konnten
|
mochten
|
mussten
|
sollten
|
wollten
|
sie
|
durften
|
konnten
|
mochten
|
mussten
|
sollten
|
wollten
|
Sie durfte nicht ins Kino gehen. He was not allowed to go to the cinema
Er konnte sehr gut tanzen. He could dance very well.
Past perfect tense
If the modal verb stands on its own, the past perfect tense is constructed with the past tense of haben + the past participle of the modal. When the modal verb appears together with another verb, the past perfect tense is constructed with the infinitive of the second verb + the infinitive form of the modal:
Er hatte das nicht gewollt. He had not wanted this.
Ich hatte Tom Hanks interviewen dürfen. I had been allowed to interview Tom HanksFuture tense
The future tense of modal verbs is constructed with the finite form of werden + the infinitive of the main verb + the infinitive of the modal:
Pavarotti wird nicht singen können. Pavarotti won’t be able to sing.
Sie wird ein neues Auto kaufen müssen. She will have to buy a new car.
Modal verbs
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