The present tense
The present tense in German
The present tense in German is mainly used:
➠to refer to events that are happening at the present time:
➠to describe habitual actions and general statements:
In addition, the present tense in German often refers to the future when the context makes this clear:
There is only one present tense form in German
Note that German has only one present tense form, which corresponds to all three forms (the simple present, the progressive present and the emphatic present) that exist in English:
‘I work’ (simple present)
Ich arbeite = ‘I am working’ (progressive present)
‘I do work’ (emphatic present)
The present tense form of verbs is usually constructed by taking the stem of the infinitive and adding the appropriate personal ending.
Note that the process of changing a verb from the infinitive form into a verb with a personal ending is called conjugation. All verbs with a personal ending are called finite verbs.
In the following sections we explain the formation, patterns and spelling variations of regular and irregular verbs.
Patterns of vowel change
There are certain patterns in the way irregular verbs change their stem vowel in the present tense. The most common ones are:
Irregular verbs with different patterns
A few frequently used verbs follow an irregular pattern in the present tense: haben ‘to have’, sein ‘to be’, werden ‘shall’/‘will’ or ‘to become’ and wissen ‘to know’:
Note that haben, sein and werden often function as auxiliary verbs as they help to form compound tenses and passive constructions.
The modal verbs dürfen, können, müssen, sollen, wollen and mögen are also quite irregular in the present tense.
Other spelling variations
➠When the stem ends in either -d, -t, -m and -n an additional letter -e is added between
the stem and the personal endings of du, er/sie/es and ihr.
➠Verbs whose stem ends in -s, -ß, -x, -z only add the letter -t in the du form and not -st:
➠Verbs which end in -ern such as wandern ‘to hike’, ändern ‘to change’ only add -n to the
ich wandere wir wandern
I trade in computer software.
Ich sammle alte Autos.
I collect old cars.
The present tense in German is mainly used:
➠to refer to events that are happening at the present time:
Peter trinkt ein Bier.
Peter is drinking beer.
Peter is drinking beer.
➠to describe habitual actions and general statements:
Sonntags treffen wir unsere Freunde.
On Sundays, we meet our friends.
Die Erde dreht sich um die Sonne.
The earth revolves around the sun.
Die Erde dreht sich um die Sonne.
The earth revolves around the sun.
In addition, the present tense in German often refers to the future when the context makes this clear:
Morgen fährt sie nach München.
Tomorrow, she will go to Munich.
There is only one present tense form in German
Note that German has only one present tense form, which corresponds to all three forms (the simple present, the progressive present and the emphatic present) that exist in English:
Ich arbeite = ‘I am working’ (progressive present)
‘I do work’ (emphatic present)
Formation of regular and irregular verbs
The present tense form of verbs is usually constructed by taking the stem of the infinitive and adding the appropriate personal ending.
Note that the process of changing a verb from the infinitive form into a verb with a personal ending is called conjugation. All verbs with a personal ending are called finite verbs.
In the following sections we explain the formation, patterns and spelling variations of regular and irregular verbs.
Regular verbs
Regular verbs usually add the following endings to the stem. The stem is the infinitive form of a verb without -en or -n:
frag-en
|
mach-en
|
träum-en
|
wohn-en
|
||
ich
|
-e
|
frage
|
mache
|
träume
|
wohne
|
du
|
-st
|
fragst
|
machst
|
träumst
|
wohnst
|
Sie
|
-en
|
fragen
|
machen
|
träumen
|
wohnen
|
er/sie/es
|
-t
|
fragt
|
macht
|
träumt
|
wohnt
|
wir
|
-en
|
fragen
|
machen
|
träumen
|
wohnen
|
ihr
|
-t
|
fragt
|
macht
|
träumt
|
wohnt
|
Sie
|
-ten
|
fragen
|
machen
|
träumen
|
wohnen
|
sie
|
-ten
|
fragen
|
machen
|
träumen
|
wohnen
|
Irregular verbs
Most irregular verbs in the present tense take the same endings as regular verbs. Note that many irregular verbs require a change in their stem vowel for the du and er/sie/es forms.
geh-en
|
komm-en
|
geb-en
|
fahr-en
|
||
ich
|
-e
|
gehe
|
komme
|
gebe
|
fahre
|
du
|
-st
|
gehst
|
kommst
|
gibst
|
fährst
|
Sie
|
-en
|
gehen
|
kommen
|
geben
|
fahren
|
er/sie/es
|
-t
|
geht
|
kommt
|
gibt
|
fährt
|
wir
|
-en
|
gehen
|
kommen
|
geben
|
fahren
|
ihr
|
-t
|
geht
|
kommt
|
gebt
|
fahrt
|
Sie
|
-en
|
gehen
|
kommen
|
geben
|
fahren
|
sie
|
-en
|
gehen
|
kommen
|
geben
|
fahren
|
There are certain patterns in the way irregular verbs change their stem vowel in the present tense. The most common ones are:
a
|
➜
|
ä
|
fahren
|
du fährst, er/sie/es fährt
|
to drive
|
au
|
➜
|
äu
|
laufen
|
du läufst, er/sie/es läuft
|
to
run
|
e
|
➜
|
i
|
geben
|
du gibst, er/sie/es gibt
|
to
give
|
e
|
➜
|
ie
|
sehen
|
du siehst, er/sie/es sieht
|
to see
|
A few frequently used verbs follow an irregular pattern in the present tense: haben ‘to have’, sein ‘to be’, werden ‘shall’/‘will’ or ‘to become’ and wissen ‘to know’:
haben
|
sein
|
werden
|
wissen
|
|
ich du Sie
er/sie/es
|
habe hast haben hat
|
bin bist sind ist
|
werde wirst
werden wird
|
weiß weißt wissen weiß
|
wir ihr Sie sie
|
haben habt haben haben
|
sind seid sind sind
|
werden werdet werden werden
|
wissen wisst wissen wissen
|
The modal verbs dürfen, können, müssen, sollen, wollen and mögen are also quite irregular in the present tense.
Other spelling variations
➠When the stem ends in either -d, -t, -m and -n an additional letter -e is added between
the stem and the personal endings of du, er/sie/es and ihr.
Infinitive
|
Stem
|
Finite verb
|
||
arbeiten finden regnen atmen
|
➜
|
arbeit find regn atm
|
du arbeitest
er findet
es regnet
ihr atmet
|
you work he finds it rains
you breathe
|
Infinitive
|
Stem
|
Finite verb
|
||
reisen beißen
|
➜
|
reis beiß
|
du reist du beißt
|
you
travel you bite
|
tanzen
|
tanz
|
du tanzt
|
you dance
|
stem of the Sie, wir and plural sie verb forms:
ich wandere wir wandern
du wanderst ihr wandert
Sie wandern Sie wandern
er/sie/es wandert sie wandern
➠ In the ich form verbs ending in -eln such as sammeln ‘to collect’, lächeln ‘to smile’ drop
the letter -e before the -l:
Ich handle mit Computersoftware.I trade in computer software.
Ich sammle alte Autos.
I collect old cars.
The present tense
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