Past Tense
Just like the English present tense, the past tense has three forms:
habitual I spoke German.
incomplete or progressive I was speaking German.
emphatic I did speak German.
Like the German present tense, the German past tense has only one form that is translated into any of the three forms in English:
Ich sprach Deutsch. I spoke German. I was speaking German. I did speak German.
The German past tense is used primarily as a written form, although it exists in the spoken language. The present perfect tense, is more commonly used in the spoken language to express a past-tense idea.
habitual I spoke German.
incomplete or progressive I was speaking German.
emphatic I did speak German.
Like the German present tense, the German past tense has only one form that is translated into any of the three forms in English:
Ich sprach Deutsch. I spoke German. I was speaking German. I did speak German.
The German past tense is used primarily as a written form, although it exists in the spoken language. The present perfect tense, is more commonly used in the spoken language to express a past-tense idea.
Regular verbs
The past-tense conjugation of regular verbs consists of the stem of the infinitive attached to the suffix -te with the appropriate conjugational ending. Notice that the third-person singular (er, sie, es = he, she, it) is illustrated here by the pronoun er. The third-person plural sie (they) and Sie (you formal) are illustrated by the pronoun sie. When singular sie cannot be differentiated from plural sie, they will be identified as sie s. and sie pl. respectively. Let’s look at some example verbs.
kaufen (buy)
|
reisen (travel)
|
bestellen (order)
|
|
ich
|
kaufte
|
reiste
|
bestellte
|
du
|
kauftest
|
reistest
|
bestelltest
|
er
|
kaufte
|
reiste
|
bestellte
|
wir
|
kauften
|
reisten
|
bestellten
|
ihr
|
kauftet
|
reistet
|
bestelltet
|
sie
|
kauften
|
reisten
|
bestellten
|
If a verb stem ends in -t or -d, an -e is added before the conjugational ending. For example:
arbeiten (work)
|
enden (end)
|
|
ich
|
arbeitete
|
endete
|
du
|
arbeitetest
|
endetest
|
er
|
arbeitete
|
endete
|
wir
|
arbeiteten
|
endeten
|
ihr
|
arbeitetet
|
endetet
|
sie
|
arbeiteten
|
endeten
|
Irregular verbs
German irregular verbs do what many English irregular verbs do: they form the past tense not by a suffix but by a vowel or stem change. Look at how the German and English infinitives change to the irregular past tense:
When you know the irregular past-tense stem, you are ready to place the appropriate conjugational endings on the stem. The irregular past tense of most verbs does not require the -te suffix. For example:
It is important to look specifically at haben, sein, and werden, because they play an important role in the formation of other tenses as well as have a function when they stand alone. Their irregular past-tense conjugations are:
Some irregular verbs require the suffix -te. They not only make a vowel change in the stem, but they also require a suffix with the appropriate conjugational endings. For example:
Other irregular verbs that follow this pattern are:
German irregular past
|
English irregular past
|
||
kommen
|
kam
|
come
|
came
|
singen
|
sang
|
sing
|
sang
|
sprechen
|
sprach
|
speak
|
spoke
|
When you know the irregular past-tense stem, you are ready to place the appropriate conjugational endings on the stem. The irregular past tense of most verbs does not require the -te suffix. For example:
springen (jump)
|
rufen (call)
|
fliegen (fly)
|
|
ich
|
sprang
|
rief
|
flog
|
du
|
sprangst
|
riefst
|
flogst
|
er
|
sprang
|
rief
|
flog
|
wir
|
sprangen
|
riefen
|
flogen
|
ihr
|
sprangt
|
rieft
|
flogt
|
sie
|
sprangen
|
riefen
|
flogen
|
Notice that the first- and third-person singular (ich, er, sie, es) do not require an ending in the irregular past tense.
The following is a list of commonly used irregular verbs with their past-tense formations:
infinitive
|
past tense
|
|
bleiben
|
blieb
|
stayed
|
essen
|
aß
|
ate
|
fahren
|
fuhr
|
traveled
|
fallen
|
fiel
|
fell
|
geben
|
gab
|
gave
|
gehen
|
ging
|
went
|
helfen
|
half
|
helped
|
laufen
|
lief
|
ran
|
lesen
|
las
|
read
|
nehmen
|
nahm
|
took
|
schlafen
|
schlief
|
slept
|
schlagen
|
schlug
|
hit
|
schreiben
|
schrieb
|
wrote
|
stehen
|
stand
|
stood
|
tragen
|
trug
|
wore, carried
|
It is important to look specifically at haben, sein, and werden, because they play an important role in the formation of other tenses as well as have a function when they stand alone. Their irregular past-tense conjugations are:
haben (have)
|
sein (be)
|
werden (become)
|
|
ich
|
hatte
|
war
|
wurde
|
du
|
hattest
|
warst
|
wurdest
|
er
|
hatte
|
war
|
wurde
|
wir
|
hatten
|
waren
|
wurden
|
ihr
|
hattet
|
waret
|
wurdet
|
sie
|
hatten
|
waren
|
wurden
|
senden (send)
|
nennen (name)
|
rennen (run)
|
|
ich
|
sandte
|
nannte
|
rannte
|
du
|
sandtest
|
nanntest
|
ranntest
|
er
|
sandte
|
nannte
|
rannte
|
wir
|
sandten
|
nannten
|
rannten
|
ihr
|
sandtet
|
nanntet
|
ranntet
|
sie
|
sandten
|
nannten
|
rannten
|
Other irregular verbs that follow this pattern are:
brennen (brannte)
|
burn
|
bringen (brachte)
|
bring
|
denken (dachte)
|
think
|
kennen (kannte)
|
know, be acquainted
|
wenden (wandte)
|
turn
|
wissen (wusste)
|
know
|
Modal auxiliaries
The modal auxiliaries look, for the most part, as if they are formed like regular verbs. But they do not have an umlaut in the past tense, even if the infinitive has an umlaut. Let’s look at their conjugations in the past tense.
dürfen (may)
|
können (can)
|
mögen (like, may)
|
|
ich
|
durfte
|
konnte
|
mochte
|
du
|
durftest
|
konntest
|
mochtest
|
er
|
durfte
|
konnte
|
mochte
|
wir
|
durften
|
konnten
|
mochten
|
ihr
|
durftet
|
konntet
|
mochtet
|
sie
|
durften
|
konnten
|
mochten
|
müssen (must)
|
sollen (should)
|
wollen (want)
|
|
ich
|
musste
|
sollte
|
wollte
|
du
|
musstest
|
solltest
|
wolltest
|
er
|
musste
|
sollte
|
wollte
|
wir
|
mussten
|
sollten
|
wollten
|
ihr
|
musstet
|
solltet
|
wolltet
|
sie
|
mussten
|
sollten
|
wollten
|
As with all verb conjugations, the third-person singular conjugation is used with all singular noun subjects of sentences, as well as with wer, was, and man. The third-person plural conjugation is used with all plural noun subjects.
Past Tense
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on
5:41:00 AM
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