Prefixes

German uses prefixes far more than English does. Also, a single verb derives a variety of new meanings from the prefixes. For example:

schreiben       write 


anschreiben   write up
beschreiben   describe
zuschreiben   attribute to

German has two categories of prefixes: inseparable prefixes and separable prefixes. But a
few prefixes can be used in either category



Inseparable prefixes


Prefixes are always attached to the front end of a verb, and inseparable prefixes are never removed from this position, no matter the tense or form of the verb. The inseparable prefixes are be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, and zer-. The stress in a verb with an inseparable prefix is always on the stem of the verb (bestéllen). Attached to verbs, the inseparable prefixes look like this:


bekommen
receive
besuchen
visit
empfehlen
recommend
empfinden
feel
entlaufen
run away
entschließen
decide
erschlagen
kill
erwarten
expect
gefallen
please
gehören
belong to
missachten
ignore
misslingen
be unsuccessful
vergessen
forget
verstehen
understand
zerreißen
tear to pieces
zerschmettern
smash


















Notice the position of the inseparable prefix on the following verbs in all the tenses.


besuchen (visit)
entlaufen (run away)
present
er besucht
wir entlaufen
past
er besuchte
wir entliefen
present perfect
er hat besucht
wir sind entlaufen
past perfect
er hatte besucht
wir waren entlaufen
future
er wird besuchen
wir werden entlaufen
Future perfect
er wird besucht haben
wir werden entlaufen sein


  In the perfect tenses, a ge- prefix is not required for past participles with inseparable prefixes. The inseparable prefix replaces ge-. Also, the function of the inseparable prefix is not affected whether the verb is regular or irregular or whether it requires haben or sein as its auxiliary.

Separable prefixes


  There are many separable prefixes. These are adverbs and prepositions used to alter the meaning of a verb. Some of the commonly used separable prefixes are an, auf, aus, bei, ein, fort, mit, nach, vor, weg, and zu. But there are many others. The stress in a verb with a separable prefix is always on the separable prefix (vórstellen). Attached to verbs, separable prefixes look like this:

ankommen
arrive
aufhören
cease
aussprechen
pronounce
beibringen
teach
fortfahren
continue
mitgehen
go along
nachahmen
imitate
vorstellen
introduce
weglaufen
run away
zunehmen
increase



  When a verb with a separable prefix is conjugated, the separable prefix appears at the end of the sentence or clause in the present and past tenses and is separated from the past participle by the prefix ge- in the perfect tenses. In the future tense, the prefix remains on the infinitive. Notice the position of the separable prefix with the following example verbs in all the tenses.


aufhören (cease)
mitgehen (go along)
present
er hört auf
wir gehen mit
past
er hörte auf
wir gingen mit
present perfect
er hat aufgehört
wir sind mitgegangen
past perfect
er hatte aufgehört
wir waren mitgegangen
future
er wird aufhören
wir werden mitgehen
Future perfect
er wird aufgehört haben
wir werden mitgegangen sein


Prefixes that can be separable and inseparable


  A few prefixes are used in either category—separable and inseparable. If the stress is on the prefix itself, the prefix is separable. When the stress is on the stem of the verb, it is a signal that the prefix is being used as an inseparable prefix. Let’s look at some examples. Notice where the stress of the verb lies:

separable
inseparable
dúrchfallen to fail
durchdríngen to penetrate
hinter- N/A
hintergéhen to deceive
sich übersehen to get fed up
übertréiben to exaggerate
úmkommen to die
umármen to embrace
únterkommen to find housing
unterbréchen to interrupt
vólltanken to fill up the gas tank
vollzíehen to carry out
wíderrufen to retract
widerspíegeln to reflect
wíedergeben to give back
wiederhólen to repeat

  Compare the differences in the conjugations with the same prefix, used in one example as a separable prefix and in the second example as an inseparable prefix. The subject of each sentence will be er.


wíderrufen (retract)
widerspíegeln (reflect)
present
ruft wider
widerspiegelt
past
rief wider
widerspiegelte
present perfect
hat widergerufen
hat widerspiegelt
past perfect
hatte widergerufen
hatte widerspiegelt
future
wird widerrufen
wird widerspiegeln
future perfect
wird widergerufen haben
wird widerspiegelt haben

Prefixes on nouns

  If a verb has a noun form, its prefix also accompanies the noun. If the prefix is separable, the stress is on the prefix of the noun. If the prefix is inseparable, the stress is on the stem of the noun. Prefixes on nouns always remain in one position. For example:

beháupten
die Beháuptung
claim
áussprechen
die Áussprache
pronunciation

Prefixes Prefixes Reviewed by Admin on 7:15:00 AM Rating: 5

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